1 These generalized expectations about what the future will bring have important consequences for health. Optimistic people tend to expect that they will encounter favorable outcomes, whereas less optimistic people tend to expect that they will encounter unfavorable outcomes. Additional longitudinal and experimental research is required to determine whether optimism causally contributes to healthy behaviors and whether optimism could be an effective target for preventing cardiovascular disease. Optimism is associated with healthier behaviors that protect against cardiovascular disease, although most evidence was relatively low quality. Most evidence was cross-sectional (≥53% of effect sizes) and did not consider sociodemographic characteristics (<53% of effect sizes) or psychological distress (<27% of effect sizes) as potential confounders. Findings suggested that more optimistic individuals tended to engage in healthier behaviors compared with less optimistic individuals, but effect sizes were modest ( r activity=0.07, P<0.0001 r diet=0.12, P<0.0001 and r smoking=0.07, P=0.001). We identified 34 effect sizes for physical activity (n=90 845), 15 effect sizes for diet (n=47 931), and 15 effect sizes for cigarette smoking (n=15 052). PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published through November 2017 reporting on optimism’s relationship with physical activity, diet, and cigarette smoking. We conducted random effects meta-analyses examining optimism’s association with 3 health behaviors relevant for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it is unclear whether optimism temporally precedes health behaviors or whether the relationship is because of shared common causes. However, researchers have not formally determined the extent or direction of optimism’s association with health behaviors. One explanation for this is that optimistic people may be more likely to engage in healthy behavior like exercising frequently, eating fruits and vegetables, and avoiding cigarette smoking.
Optimistic people have reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular-related mortality compared with their less optimistic peers. Customer Service and Ordering Information.Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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